📄 Article 6: The Hippie Movement

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to heat water for washing dishes because they did not want to use the utility company. Some hippies remained committed to the lifestyle for the long haul. But many ended up joining the mainstream culture they had once despised. Image 2. People at a rural commune in Mendocino, California enjoy dinner around a campfire in July, 1967. Photo by © Ted Streshinsky/CORBIS/Corbis/Getty Images This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com.

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烧水洗碗，因为他们不想使用公用事业公司的服务。 一些嬉皮士长期坚持这种生活方式。但许多人最终还是加入了他们曾经鄙视的主流文化。 图2. 1967年7月，加利福尼亚州门多西诺的一个乡村公社里，人们围着篝火享用晚餐。摄影：© Ted Streshinsky/CORBIS/Corbis/Getty Images 本文有5个阅读级别可供选择，网址：https://newsela.com。

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war. According to Rorabaugh, hippies joined political radicals in their support for the civil rights movement and their opposition to the Vietnam War. "Hippies would agree with that, but they would not protest," he points out. "That was the difference — hippies were not protesters." Some hippie groups were actively political, though, such as the Diggers. This was an anarchist organization formed in 1966 in San Francisco. Anarchists reject all forms of authority. The Diggers operated a "free" store, which gave away stolen items. They gave clothing to people who tried to get out of forced military service. The Youth International Party, founded in 1968, was another political hippie group. Their members, called Yippies, also tried to attract hippies to politics, with little success. The hippie lifestyle was most popular during the Summer of Love in 1967. Some 100,000 people from around the country spent time in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood. Perhaps the most famous celebration of hippie counterculture occurred in August 1969. Advertised as "three days of peace, music and love," Woodstock Music Festival brought together political people and counterculture people, according to Rorabaugh. Somewhere between 300,000 and 400,000 people went to upstate New York to attend the festival. Attendees watched artists like The Grateful Dead, Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin play the music that fueled the hippie movement. Image 1. People on the road to Woodstock Music Festival in Bethel, New York, in August 1969. Photo: Owen Franken/Getty Images **Decline And Lasting Effects Of The Hippie Movement** In some ways, the Summer of Love also marked the beginning of the end for the hippie movement. Homelessness and crime had overrun Haight-Ashbury. It pushed out many of the neighborhood's original residents. In October 1967, the Diggers held a "Death of the Hippie March" in San Francisco to speak against the commercialization of hippie culture. Three months after Woodstock, growing opposition to the Vietnam War led to the largest antiwar demonstration in U.S. history. On November 15, 1969, as many as half a million people attended a protest in Washington, D.C. Many others attended smaller protests around the country. A month later, violence at the Altamont Music Festival, another musical hippie gathering, left five people dead. Gruesome murders committed by members of Charles Manson's commune the "Manson Family" also took place in 1969. The following year, the National Guard shot students at Kent State University who were protesting the Vietnam War. All of these events combined crushed the free-wheeling attitudes of the "love generation." The U.S. participation in the Vietnam War ended in 1973. By then the media had largely lost interest in the hippie movement. Still, many of the hippies' formerly odd style choices had been adopted by mainstream American culture. The communes, though, many of which lived on until the mid-'70s, would be the source of many of the hippies' lasting legacies. "Natural food, organic food, eating local, co-op groceries — all of that came out of the communes," Rorabaugh says. He noted that Northern California hippie commune residents were "the first people to have solar panels in 1970." They used the energy This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com.

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战争。根据罗拉博夫的说法，嬉皮士与政治激进分子一道支持民权运动，并反对越南战争。他指出：“嬉皮士会同意这些观点，但他们不会去抗议。这就是区别——嬉皮士不是抗议者。” 然而，一些嬉皮士团体，例如“掘地者”（Diggers），却积极参与政治。这是一个于1966年在旧金山成立的无政府主义组织。无政府主义者拒绝一切形式的权威。“掘地者”经营着一家“免费”商店，分发偷来的物品。他们向那些试图逃避强制兵役的人提供衣物。 成立于1968年的青年国际党是另一个政治性的嬉皮士团体。他们的成员被称为“雅皮士”（Yippies），也曾试图吸引嬉皮士参与政治，但收效甚微。 嬉皮士的生活方式在1967年的“爱之夏”期间最为流行。大约有10万人从全国各地来到海特-阿什伯里街区。也许嬉皮士反主流文化最著名的庆典发生在1969年8月。根据罗拉博夫的说法，伍德斯托克音乐节以“三天和平、音乐与爱”为宣传口号，汇集了政治人士和反主流文化人士。大约有30万到40万人前往纽约州北部参加了这场音乐节。参与者观看了感恩至死乐队、吉米·亨德里克斯和詹尼斯·乔普林等艺术家演奏的音乐，这些音乐为嬉皮士运动注入了活力。 图1. 1969年8月，人们在纽约州贝瑟尔前往伍德斯托克音乐节的路上。摄影：欧文·弗兰肯/盖蒂图片社 **嬉皮士运动的衰落与持久影响** 从某种程度上说，“爱之夏”也标志着嬉皮士运动开始走向衰落。海特-阿什伯里街区充斥着无家可归者和犯罪。这使得该街区的许多原住民被迫迁离。1967年10月，“掘地者”在旧金山举行了“嬉皮士之死游行”，以抗议嬉皮士文化的商业化。 伍德斯托克音乐节三个月后，对越南战争日益增长的反对声浪引发了美国历史上规模最大的反战示威。1969年11月15日，多达50万人参加了在华盛顿特区举行的一场抗议活动。还有许多人参加了全国各地的小规模抗议。 一个月后，在另一个嬉皮士音乐聚会——阿尔塔蒙特音乐节上发生的暴力事件导致五人死亡。1969年，查尔斯·曼森公社“曼森家族”成员还犯下了骇人听闻的谋杀案。次年，国民警卫队向在肯特州立大学抗议越南战争的学生开枪。所有这些事件共同粉碎了“爱之世代”的自由奔放态度。 美国于1973年结束了对越南战争的参与。到那时，媒体对嬉皮士运动的兴趣已大减。尽管如此，许多嬉皮士过去那些看似古怪的风格选择已被美国主流文化所采纳。然而，许多公社一直持续到20世纪70年代中期，它们成为了嬉皮士许多持久遗产的源泉。 罗拉博夫说：“天然食品、有机食品、本地饮食、合作社杂货店——所有这些都源于公社。”他指出，北加州的嬉皮士公社居民是“1970年第一批拥有太阳能电池板的人”。他们利用这些能源 本文有5个阅读级别，可在https://newsela.com获取。

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known for their long hair and beards, colorful style, love of rock music and Earth-conscious lifestyle. **Counterculture Prior To The Vietnam War** In many ways, the hippies of the 1960s descended from the Beat Generation, an earlier American counterculture. The Beats, as they were known, emerged in the 1940s and '50s and rejected capitalism, consumerism and materialism. Centered in San Francisco, California, and New York City, Beats studied Eastern religions and generally rejected social norms. Their followers were known as "beatniks." The Beat movement was small and literary, according to William Rorabaugh. He is a professor of history at the University of Washington and author of the book "American Hippies," published in 2015. "You weren't allowed to be in the group unless you were either a friend of or a poet," he said. **Who Were The Hippies?** Just as the 1950s led to the 1960s, the Beats and beatniks led to the hippies. This new group, who preferred to call themselves "freaks" or "love children," was much younger than the beatniks. That wasn't the only difference, though. The hippies listened to folk and rock music — not jazz, as the Beats did. Also, the Beats tended to stick to black and gray clothing, while the hippies wore bright colors. Other hippie markers were ripped jeans, bell-bottoms, tie-dyed clothing and flowers worn in their hair. Most hippies were white, middle-class young people who felt left out of mainstream middle-class society. They did not want to follow the "normal" standards of appearance, employment or lifestyle. They wore their hair long and grew their beards, and they took drugs and explored spirituality. The hippies thought that these alternative choices would help them find more meaning in life. The Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco and New York City's East Village were famous hippie centers. However, the movement thrived all over the country. In July 1967, Time magazine reported that the hippie movement was "blooming in every major U.S. city." It was estimated some 300,000 people were taking part in hippie culture. Hippies often had little money, so many had to live in places where the cost of living was lower. Some lived in rural areas in special communities where they shared resources with neighbors. This type of living arrangement is known as a commune. In communes, people practiced organic farming, vegetarianism and natural medicine. **How Hippies Changed The Counterculture** The 1960s counterculture in the U.S. was made up of various groups. These included the civil rights movement, gay rights and women's liberation activists and other political radicals. Hippies stood out, though, for lacking a distinct political ideology. Hippie politics was more a "politics of no politics," Rorabaugh says. "One of the things hippies said was 'you should do your own thing, you should do whatever you feel like doing.'" Still, the path of the hippie movement closely followed the pattern of American involvement in Vietnam. Hippies saw mainstream authority as the origin of all society's ills, which included the This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com.

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他们以长发、胡须、色彩鲜明的风格、对摇滚乐的热爱以及环保的生活方式而闻名。 **越南战争前的反主流文化** 从许多方面来看，20世纪60年代的嬉皮士是早期美国反主流文化“垮掉的一代”的后裔。垮掉派（正如他们所称）出现在20世纪40年代和50年代，他们拒绝资本主义、消费主义和物质主义。垮掉派以加利福尼亚州的旧金山和纽约市为中心，研究东方宗教，并普遍拒绝社会规范。他们的追随者被称为“垮掉分子”。 根据威廉·罗拉博（William Rorabaugh）的说法，垮掉派运动规模不大，且具有文学性。他是华盛顿大学的历史学教授，也是2015年出版的《美国嬉皮士》一书的作者。他说：“除非你是某个人的朋友或诗人，否则你不能加入这个团体。” **嬉皮士是谁？** 正如20世纪50年代过渡到60年代一样，垮掉派和垮掉分子也催生了嬉皮士。这个新群体更喜欢称自己为“怪胎”或“爱之子”，他们比垮掉分子年轻得多。但这并非唯一的区别。嬉皮士听的是民谣和摇滚乐，而不是垮掉派所听的爵士乐。此外，垮掉派倾向于穿着黑色和灰色的衣服，而嬉皮士则穿着鲜艳的色彩。嬉皮士的其他标志包括破洞牛仔裤、喇叭裤、扎染服装以及戴在头发上的鲜花。 大多数嬉皮士是白人中产阶级年轻人，他们觉得自己被主流中产阶级社会排斥在外。他们不想遵循“正常”的外表、就业或生活方式标准。他们留长发、蓄胡须，吸食毒品并探索精神世界。嬉皮士认为这些另类选择能帮助他们找到更多的人生意义。 旧金山的海特-阿什伯里街区和纽约市的东村是著名的嬉皮士中心。然而，这场运动在全国各地蓬勃发展。1967年7月，《时代》杂志报道称，嬉皮士运动“在美国各大城市盛开”。据估计，约有30万人参与了嬉皮士文化。 嬉皮士通常没什么钱，所以许多人不得不住在生活成本较低的地方。有些人住在农村地区的特殊社区里，与邻居共享资源。这种生活安排被称为公社。在公社里，人们实践有机农业、素食主义和自然疗法。 **嬉皮士如何改变反主流文化** 20世纪60年代美国的反主流文化由各种团体组成。其中包括民权运动、同性恋权利和妇女解放运动的积极分子以及其他政治激进分子。然而，嬉皮士因缺乏明确的政治意识形态而显得与众不同。罗拉博说，嬉皮士的政治更像是一种“无政治的政治”。“嬉皮士们常说的一句话是‘你应该做你自己的事，你应该做任何你想做的事。’” 尽管如此，嬉皮士运动的轨迹与美国卷入越南战争的模式密切相关。嬉皮士将主流权威视为所有社会弊病的根源，其中包括

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newsela How the Vietnam War empowered the hippie movement By History.com, adapted by Newsela staff on 05.16.21 Word Count 1,137 Level 1050L Students wearing hippie attire, including one student with long hair and a poncho, hold their fingers aloft in a peace sign gesture, with some wearing "flower power" flowers, during an anti-Vietnam War student sit-in protest at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1970. Photo: Stuart Lutz/Gado/Getty Images Hippie counterculture emerged in the late 1960s and grew to include hundreds of thousands of young Americans across the country. The movement peaked during the height of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, and subsided as that military conflict drew to a close. Still, hippies' rejection of mainstream American culture would influence the nation in the decades to come. They are This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com.

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Newsela 越南战争如何推动了嬉皮士运动 作者：History.com，Newsela工作人员于2021年5月16日改编 字数：1,137 阅读难度：1050L 1970年，在北卡罗来纳州罗利市的北卡罗来纳州立大学举行的一场反越战学生静坐抗议活动中，身着嬉皮士服装的学生们（其中一名学生留着长发，穿着雨披）高举手指做出和平手势，有些人戴着“花的力量”主题的花朵。图片来源：Stuart Lutz/Gado/Getty Images 嬉皮士反文化运动出现于20世纪60年代末，并发展壮大，吸引了全国数十万美国年轻人。这场运动在美国深度卷入越南战争期间达到顶峰，并随着这场军事冲突的结束而逐渐消退。尽管如此，嬉皮士对美国主流文化的排斥在未来几十年里仍将影响这个国家。他们是 本文有5个阅读级别可供选择，网址为 https://newsela.com。